Category:702 Load-Bearing Piles - Revision history

Hoskir: /* 702.1.1 Cast-In-Place (CIP) Concrete Piles (Sec 702.2.1) */ updated per RR3913

2024-11-21T18:33:28Z

702.1.1 Cast-In-Place (CIP) Concrete Piles (Sec 702.2.1): updated per RR3913

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 21 November 2024
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	There are two types of piles generally used by MoDOT. They are structural steel HP pile and close-ended pipe pile (cast-in-place, CIP). Open ended pipe pile (cast-in-place, CIP) can also be used. Structural steel piling are generally referred to as HP piling and two different standard AISC shapes are typically utilized: HP12 x 53 and HP14 x 73. Concrete piling are generally referred to as cast-in-place or CIP piling because the concrete is poured and cast in steel shells which are driven first or pre-driven.		There are two types of piles generally used by MoDOT. They are structural steel HP pile and close-ended pipe pile (cast-in-place, CIP). Open ended pipe pile (cast-in-place, CIP) can also be used. Structural steel piling are generally referred to as HP piling and two different standard AISC shapes are typically utilized: HP12 x 53 and HP14 x 73. Concrete piling are generally referred to as cast-in-place or CIP piling because the concrete is poured and cast in steel shells which are driven first or pre-driven.

	===702.1.1 Cast-In-Place (CIP) Concrete Piles ([~~http~~://www.modot.org/~~business/standards_and_specs/SpecbookEPG.pdf#page=11~~ Sec 702.2.1])===		===702.1.1 Cast-In-Place (CIP) Concrete Piles ([https://www.modot.org/missouri-standard-specifications-highway-construction Sec 702.2.1])===
	All CIP piles shall be galvanized in accordance with Sec 702 unless otherwise shown on the plans.		All CIP piles shall be galvanized in accordance with Sec 702 unless otherwise shown on the plans.

	CIP concrete piling consist of pre-driven steel shells later filled with concrete. The most commonly used type of steel pipe is spirally welded steel sometimes referred to as pipe pile. All steel pipes must be in accordance with ASTM A 252 Grade 3. CIP pile normally has no internal steel reinforcing bars. Steel shells are usually driven without a mandrel if shell thickness is adequate.		CIP concrete piling consist of pre-driven steel shells later filled with concrete. The most commonly used type of steel pipe is spirally welded steel sometimes referred to as pipe pile. All steel pipes must be in accordance with ASTM A 252 Modified Grade 3 (fy = 50,000 psi) with physical and chemical requirements that meet ASTM A572 Grade 50. Certifying the source material (ASTM A572 Grade 50) is required to ensure that prequalified weld procedure specifications can be used. CIP pile normally has no internal steel reinforcing bars. Steel shells are usually driven without a mandrel if shell thickness is adequate.

	For CIP pile, Geotechnical Section indicates either "No Pile Point Needed" or "Pile Point Needed" and recommends pile point type on boring log. “Cruciform” or “Conical” pile point reinforcement is allowed for closed ended CIP pile. “Manufactured open ended cutting shoe (inside flange)” pile point reinforcement is allowed for open ended CIP. Generally pile point reinforcement is needed for CIP pile if boulders, cobbles or dense gravel are anticipated.		For CIP pile, Geotechnical Section indicates either "No Pile Point Needed" or "Pile Point Needed" and recommends pile point type on boring log. “Cruciform” or “Conical” pile point reinforcement is allowed for closed ended CIP pile. “Manufactured open ended cutting shoe (inside flange)” pile point reinforcement is allowed for open ended CIP. Generally pile point reinforcement is needed for CIP pile if boulders, cobbles or dense gravel are anticipated.

Hoskir: /* 702.1.4.2 Pile Dynamic Formula */

2024-09-26T19:23:04Z

702.1.4.2 Pile Dynamic Formula

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 26 September 2024
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	====702.1.4.2 Pile Dynamic Formula====		====702.1.4.2 Pile Dynamic Formula====
	MoDOT may specify the use of the FHWA-modified Gates dynamic pile formula (see [https://www.modot.org/missouri-standard-specifications-highway-construction#page=11 Sec 702.4.10]) to calculate pile nominal axial compressive resistance. The [~~[media~~:~~702 Pile Driving Set Calculator R201305~~.xlsx\|Pile Driving Set Calculator]] is a spreadsheet that can be used to calculate the blowcount (N) in blows per inch of pile permanent set (BPI) to determine when to stop driving pile.		MoDOT may specify the use of the FHWA-modified Gates dynamic pile formula (see [https://www.modot.org/missouri-standard-specifications-highway-construction#page=11 Sec 702.4.10]) to calculate pile nominal axial compressive resistance. The [https://epg.modot.org/forms/general_files/BR/Pile_Driving_Set_Calculator.xlsx Pile Driving Set Calculator] is a spreadsheet that can be used to calculate the blowcount (N) in blows per inch of pile permanent set (BPI) to determine when to stop driving pile.

	====702.1.4.3 Pile Driving Specifics, Special Conditions and Inspection====		====702.1.4.3 Pile Driving Specifics, Special Conditions and Inspection====

Hoskir at 19:21, 26 September 2024

2024-09-26T19:21:32Z

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	{\|style="padding: 0.3em; margin-left:10px; border:2px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; font-size: 95%; background:#f5f5f5" width="210px" align="right"		{\|style="padding: 0.3em; margin-left:10px; border:2px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; font-size: 95%; background:#f5f5f5" width="210px" align="right"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''[~~[media~~:~~702 Pile Driving Set Calculator R201305~~.xlsx\|Pile Driving Set Calculator]]'''		\|'''[https://epg.modot.org/forms/general_files/BR/Pile_Driving_Set_Calculator.xlsx Pile Driving Set Calculator]'''
	\|}		\|}
	==702.1 Pile Types and Testing==		==702.1 Pile Types and Testing==

Smithk: /* 702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers */ Per BR, updated links

2022-06-27T15:25:38Z

702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers: Per BR, updated links

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 27 June 2022
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	These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.		These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.

	'''(1) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com~~/:b:/r~~/sites/~~CO_BR~~/Shared%20Documents/~~General~~/~~Development/Libraries/Bridge%20E-%20Library/Piling/Book_25_Inspectors_Manual_For_Driven_Pile_Foundations~~.~~pdf~~?~~csf~~=1&~~web~~=~~1&e=edaimo~~ Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''		'''(1) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/sites/br/Shared%20Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2Fbr%2FShared%20Documents%2FEPG%20Links%2FBook%5F25%5FInspectors%5FManual%5FFor%5FDriven%5FPile%5FFoundations%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%2Fbr%2FShared%20Documents%2FEPG%20Links Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this main document:		<u>Information</u> published within this main document:
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	:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.		:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.

	'''(2) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com~~/:b:/r~~/sites/~~CO_BR~~/Shared%20Documents/~~General/Development/Libraries/Bridge%20E-%20Library/Piling~~/~~Book_24_Pile_Inspectors_Guide_To_Hammers~~.~~pdf~~?~~csf~~=1&~~web~~=~~1&e=1WgxJP~~ Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''		'''(2) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/sites/br/Shared%20Documents/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2Fsites%2Fbr%2FShared%20Documents%2FEPG%20Links%2FBook%5F24%5FPile%5FInspectors%5FGuide%5FTo%5FHammers%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%2Fbr%2FShared%20Documents%2FEPG%20Links Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:		<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:

Smithk: /* 702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers */

2022-06-22T18:03:27Z

702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 22 June 2022
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	These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.		These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.

	'''(1) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared ~~Documents~~/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge E-~~Library~~/Piling/Book_25_Inspectors_Manual_For_Driven_Pile_Foundations.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=edaimo Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''		'''(1) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared%20Documents/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge%20E-%20Library/Piling/Book_25_Inspectors_Manual_For_Driven_Pile_Foundations.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=edaimo Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this main document:		<u>Information</u> published within this main document:
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	:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.		:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.

	'''(2) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared ~~Documents~~/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge E-~~Library~~/Piling/Book_24_Pile_Inspectors_Guide_To_Hammers.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=1WgxJP Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''		'''(2) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared%20Documents/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge%20E-%20Library/Piling/Book_24_Pile_Inspectors_Guide_To_Hammers.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=1WgxJP Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:		<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:

Smithk: /* 702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers */ Per BR, updated links

2022-06-22T17:45:31Z

702.1.4.4 DFI Documents on Pile Driving and Hammers: Per BR, updated links

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 22 June 2022
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	These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.		These documents are provided for further guidance and understanding of pile driving and equipment. They do not reflect the policy of MoDOT, but can be used to support and reinforce decisions involving pile driving and equipment since the background and source of this information is time tested and produced by a reputable organization.

	'''(1) [~~http~~://sharepoint/~~systemdelivery~~/BR/~~development~~/Shared~~%20Documents~~/~~EPG%20files%20for%20linking~~/~~Book%2024~~-~~%20Pile%20Insectors%20Guide%20to%20Hammers~~/~~Book_24_Pile_Inspectors_Guide_To_Hammers~~.pdf Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''		'''(1) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared Documents/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge E-Library/Piling/Book_25_Inspectors_Manual_For_Driven_Pile_Foundations.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=edaimo Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), Inspector’s Manual for Driven Pile Foundations, 2nd Ed. 1997. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this main document:		<u>Information</u> published within this main document:
Line 219:		Line 219:
	:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.		:* Provides invaluable training for inexperienced Inspectors and a useful reference guide for the experienced inspector or crew member.

	'''(2) [~~http~~://sharepoint/~~systemdelivery~~/BR/~~development~~/Shared~~%20Documents~~/~~EPG%20files%20for%20linking~~/~~Book%2025%20~~-~~%20Inspectors%20Manual%20for%20Driven%20Pile%20Foundations~~/~~Book_25_Inspectors_Manual_For_Driven_Pile_Foundations~~.pdf Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''		'''(2) [https://modotgov.sharepoint.com/:b:/r/sites/CO_BR/Shared Documents/General/Development/Libraries/Bridge E-Library/Piling/Book_24_Pile_Inspectors_Guide_To_Hammers.pdf?csf=1&web=1&e=1WgxJP Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), A Pile Inspector’s Guide to Hammers, 2nd Ed. 1995. Springfield, New Jersey]'''

	<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:		<u>Information</u> published within this companion document:

Smithk: Per CM, removed archaic SiteManager info and replaced with AASHTOWARE info

2021-10-01T16:14:49Z

Per CM, removed archaic SiteManager info and replaced with AASHTOWARE info

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 1 October 2021
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	<u>Pile Inspection</u>		<u>Pile Inspection</u>

	The inspector must ensure that all piles have been properly inspected. Piles that are cast-in-place on the job shall be inspected using the same inspection procedures as for any other concrete item. Files should contain any applicable inspection reports on aggregate, cement and reinforcing steel. The concrete Plant Inspector's Report and compressive test reports will serve to document acceptability of piles. Steel shells for cast-in-place piles and structural steel piles are normally inspected by project forces. Inspection should include dimensions, wall thickness of shells, visual inspection of welds, closure plates, etc. The contractor is required to furnish certified mill test reports for the steel. Heat numbers of pile should be checked against heat numbers on the mill test reports. The resident engineer should report the results of inspection on a Fabrication Inspection Report, [[media:712 Fabrication Inspection Report secure.pdf\|Form B-708R2]], or an alternate format may be used. A spreadsheet version of the form is available to facilitate the automatic creation of ~~a SiteManager~~ record for use by the Construction and Materials Division. This information will be retained in the project file with mill test reports attached.		The inspector must ensure that all piles have been properly inspected. Piles that are cast-in-place on the job shall be inspected using the same inspection procedures as for any other concrete item. Files should contain any applicable inspection reports on aggregate, cement and reinforcing steel. The concrete Plant Inspector's Report and compressive test reports will serve to document acceptability of piles. Steel shells for cast-in-place piles and structural steel piles are normally inspected by project forces. Inspection should include dimensions, wall thickness of shells, visual inspection of welds, closure plates, etc. The contractor is required to furnish certified mill test reports for the steel. Heat numbers of pile should be checked against heat numbers on the mill test reports. The resident engineer should report the results of inspection on a Fabrication Inspection Report, [[media:712 Fabrication Inspection Report secure.pdf\|Form B-708R2]], or an alternate format may be used. A spreadsheet version of the form is available to facilitate the automatic creation of an AASHTOWARE Project (AWP) record for use by the Construction and Materials Division. This information will be retained in the project file with mill test reports attached.

	<u>Pile Driving and Preboring</u>		<u>Pile Driving and Preboring</u>

Smithk: /* 702.1.4.1 Hammer Types */ Inclusive language

2021-06-11T20:10:02Z

702.1.4.1 Hammer Types: Inclusive language

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 11 June 2021
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	====702.1.4.1 Hammer Types====		====702.1.4.1 Hammer Types====
	Good practice requires driving equipment capable of driving piles to the necessary penetration and nominal axial compressive resistance without damaging the piles at the pile point, top of the pile or bending piles. Heavier piles may require heavier equipment due to greater nominal axial compressive resistance requirements. When specified in the contract documents ~~the contractor~~ shall perform a drivability analysis to select an appropriate hammer size to ensure the pile can be driven without overstressing the pile and to prevent refusal of the pile prior to reaching the minimum tip elevation. ~~The contractor~~ shall plan ~~his~~ pile driving activities and submit hammer size and hammer energy requirements to the engineer for approval before driving.~~The contractor selects~~ equipment with adequate hammer requirements to drive the pile successfully , and the inspector should be familiar with power plant, hammer, cap, cushion block, leads, and other elements used in driving. Each resident engineer may obtain data for hammers from publications issued by the individual equipment manufacturer. The contractors should have bulletins available for equipment they are using.		Good practice requires driving equipment capable of driving piles to the necessary penetration and nominal axial compressive resistance without damaging the piles at the pile point, top of the pile or bending piles. Heavier piles may require heavier equipment due to greater nominal axial compressive resistance requirements. When specified in the contract documents, contractors shall perform a drivability analysis to select an appropriate hammer size to ensure the pile can be driven without overstressing the pile and to prevent refusal of the pile prior to reaching the minimum tip elevation. Contractors shall plan their pile driving activities and submit hammer size and hammer energy requirements to the engineer for approval before driving. Contractors select equipment with adequate hammer requirements to drive the pile successfully, and the inspector should be familiar with power plant, hammer, cap, cushion block, leads, and other elements used in driving. Each resident engineer may obtain data for hammers from publications issued by the individual equipment manufacturer. The contractors should have bulletins available for equipment they are using.

	Pile hammers are classified by type. There are steam and air hammers, both single acting and double acting. Diesel pile hammers may be either open or enclosed ram types. A differential hammer is a double acting type. Design loads, size of pile, soil conditions, etc., establish the choice of hammer. The contractor shall determine minimum hammer energy requirements for individual pile size and for each substructure unit.		Pile hammers are classified by type. There are steam and air hammers, both single acting and double acting. Diesel pile hammers may be either open or enclosed ram types. A differential hammer is a double acting type. Design loads, size of pile, soil conditions, etc., establish the choice of hammer. The contractor shall determine minimum hammer energy requirements for individual pile size and for each substructure unit.

Smithk: Updated figure for security

2021-03-08T16:50:48Z

Updated figure for security

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 8 March 2021
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	<u>Pile Inspection</u>		<u>Pile Inspection</u>

	The inspector must ensure that all piles have been properly inspected. Piles that are cast-in-place on the job shall be inspected using the same inspection procedures as for any other concrete item. Files should contain any applicable inspection reports on aggregate, cement and reinforcing steel. The concrete Plant Inspector's Report and compressive test reports will serve to document acceptability of piles. Steel shells for cast-in-place piles and structural steel piles are normally inspected by project forces. Inspection should include dimensions, wall thickness of shells, visual inspection of welds, closure plates, etc. The contractor is required to furnish certified mill test reports for the steel. Heat numbers of pile should be checked against heat numbers on the mill test reports. The resident engineer should report the results of inspection on a Fabrication Inspection Report, [[media:712 Fabrication Inspection Report.~~gif~~\|Form B-708R2]], or an alternate format may be used. A spreadsheet version of the form is available to facilitate the automatic creation of a SiteManager record for use by the Construction and Materials Division. This information will be retained in the project file with mill test reports attached.		The inspector must ensure that all piles have been properly inspected. Piles that are cast-in-place on the job shall be inspected using the same inspection procedures as for any other concrete item. Files should contain any applicable inspection reports on aggregate, cement and reinforcing steel. The concrete Plant Inspector's Report and compressive test reports will serve to document acceptability of piles. Steel shells for cast-in-place piles and structural steel piles are normally inspected by project forces. Inspection should include dimensions, wall thickness of shells, visual inspection of welds, closure plates, etc. The contractor is required to furnish certified mill test reports for the steel. Heat numbers of pile should be checked against heat numbers on the mill test reports. The resident engineer should report the results of inspection on a Fabrication Inspection Report, [[media:712 Fabrication Inspection Report secure.pdf\|Form B-708R2]], or an alternate format may be used. A spreadsheet version of the form is available to facilitate the automatic creation of a SiteManager record for use by the Construction and Materials Division. This information will be retained in the project file with mill test reports attached.

	<u>Pile Driving and Preboring</u>		<u>Pile Driving and Preboring</u>

Smithk: /* 702.1.5 Pile Driving Documentation */ Updated figure for security

2021-03-08T16:14:39Z

702.1.5 Pile Driving Documentation: Updated figure for security

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 8 March 2021
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	The sample form in the [[Media:702 Pile Driving Worksheet secure.pdf\|Pile Driving Worksheet]] illustrates a typical page of completed pile driving data for cast-in-place concrete pile. Data in a similar form will be filled out when driving structural steel pile.		The sample form in the [[Media:702 Pile Driving Worksheet secure.pdf\|Pile Driving Worksheet]] illustrates a typical page of completed pile driving data for cast-in-place concrete pile. Data in a similar form will be filled out when driving structural steel pile.

	[[media:702.pdf\|Figure 702]] is an illustration of field book data for driving structural steel pile. The inspector records the actual length used and notes the number of pieces incorporated in the length. When structural steel pile is driven, there is often a piece left over from the in-place pile which becomes excess or left-over pile. The contractor may wish to use such a piece on another state highway project. If transfer to another project is desired, extra copies of the certified mill test reports should be made which can be used to have the excess pile reinspected on a future project.		[[media:702 secure.pdf\|Figure 702]] is an illustration of field book data for driving structural steel pile. The inspector records the actual length used and notes the number of pieces incorporated in the length. When structural steel pile is driven, there is often a piece left over from the in-place pile which becomes excess or left-over pile. The contractor may wish to use such a piece on another state highway project. If transfer to another project is desired, extra copies of the certified mill test reports should be made which can be used to have the excess pile reinspected on a future project.

	<u>Probe Pile</u>		<u>Probe Pile</u>